Although, the presence or absence of contaminants directly or indirectly affects this conversion indicating the potential of spores for their use as biosensing element. It is well known that conversion from dormant to vegetative forms takes place when spores sense favorable environmental conditions. Thus germination-based approach could be a potential strategy to facilitate eradication of bacterial spores more efficiently. Induction of germination in spores by exposure to specific germinant converts them into vegetative cells which are metabolically very active and fragile and can easily be eliminated from food products and environmental samples. Development of such techniques based on the use of spores takes the advantage of the process of germination by examining the physiological changes occurring upon addition of endospore-specific dormancy breaking signals (Yung 2008). It is well known that the life of spore-forming bacteria turns around two phases, the dormant and the metabolically active vegetative state, and perhaps, this exclusive biphasic phenomenon of bacterial spores could have great potential to form the basis of development of various techniques ranging from spores eradication, sterilization, and efficacy testing to spore-based biosensing. Physiological behavior of spores that occurs as a part of their life cycle holds great promise to resolve the constraints of available methods. This indicates an immense need for new tools in order to combat drawbacks of existing techniques. are failed due to dormant and robust nature of spores. Various techniques available for elimination of spores which mainly include U.V., heat, high pressure, and other stress treatments, etc. But in recent years, their detection has become a challenging task for regulatory authorities in various developed and developing countries. Therefore, detection and eradication of spores are crucial for public health, food, and environment safety. These are liable to cause threatening impacts on human life and have ability to cause great economic loss to food industries.
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spores that have been found very resistant to several killing agents (Setlow 2006 Setlow and Johnson 2007 Coleman et al. Various food spoilages and food-borne diseases are caused by some Bacillus and Clostridium spp. Eventually, replication of DNA occurs which in turn results in vegetative cell growth (Setlow 1983 Paidhungat and Setlow 2002). During initiation of germination, metabolic activities commence resulting in ATP formation, synthesis of RNA, and proteins. Spores can remain in dormant form for long time periods however, they persistently scrutinize their environment for the presence of germinants that trigger germination (Setlow 2003).
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radiation, many noxious chemical substances such as hypochlorite, aldehydes, ethylene oxide, and several other extreme environmental conditions (Setlow 1994 Nicholson et al.
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Being a survival strategy, spores are well resistant to varying range of temperature and pressure, U.V. Assaying germination using these markers can further explore the efficient use of spores in development of detection devices for food and environment safety.īacterial spores are robust and metabolically dormant structures that are produced by a process of sporulation to prevail over harsh and unfavorable climatic conditions of starvation and stress (Nicholson 2002 Thakur et al. In this line, present review underscores the structural properties, sporulation and germination in bacterial spores, and covers a detailed description on various biomarkers namely absorbance (600 nm), dipicolinic acid (DPA), refractility of spores, nucleic acid, ATP, spore’s heat resistance, and enzymes which could be valuable in perceiving germination in bacterial spores.
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These markers possess a high level of specificity for differentiation in germinating and dormant spores. To extend this biphasic spore germination-based approach in order to facilitate development of detection systems, mechanistic details of markers that signals the process of germination initiation in bacterial spores are required. This phenomenon of conversion of spores from one phase to another could be a keynote potential strategy for development of different type of techniques ranging from spore detection to their eradication and spore-based biosensing. Exposure to specific germinant can induce germination in dormant bacterial spores converting them into vegetative cells which are metabolically active and fragile.